Confronting the complexities of antimicrobial management for Staphyloccous aureus causing bovine mastitis: an innovative paradigm
Abstract
Globally, Mastitis is a disease commonly affecting dairy cattle which leads to the use of antimicrobials. The majority of mastitis etiological agents are bacterial pathogens and Staphylococcus aureus is the predominant causative agent. Antimicrobial treatment is administered mainly via intramammary and intramuscular routes. Due to increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) often associated with antimicrobial misuse, the treatment of mastitis is becoming challenging with less alternative treatment options. Besides, biofilms formation and ability of mastitis-causing bacteria to enter and adhere within the cells of the mammary epithelium complicate the treatment of bovine mastitis. In this review article, we address the challenges in treating mastitis through conventional antibiotic treatment because of the rising AMR, biofilms formation, and the intracellular survival of bacteria. This review article describes different alternative treatments including phytochemical compounds, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), phage therapy, and Graphene Nanomaterial-Based Therapy that can potentially be further developed to complement existing antimicrobial therapy and overcome the growing threat of AMR in etiologies of mastitis.
Conclusions
Mastitis is a rising threat in the dairy industry associated with economic losses. The ability of mastitis- causing bacteria to develop resistance to commonly used antimicrobials, to form biofilm, invading and surviving with mammary epithelial cells further complicates the problem and renders antibiotics used to cure mastitis ineffective. Addressing this growing challenge requires devising new alternative treatment options. Herbal compounds, bacteriophage therapy, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and graphene nanoparticle-based therapy are promising in the treatment of mastitis. This suggests the possibility of using them either alone or in combination with existing antimicrobials for mastitis treatment. Further studies are needed to advance the highlighted alternative options and make them available to farmers .
Authors: Shamsaldeen Ibrahim Saeed, Nor Fadhilah Kamaruzzaman, Noel Gahamanyi, Thi Thu Hoai Nguyen, Delower Hossain, and Ivan Kahwa
Publication date: 28 February 2024
